Where is Chatsworth?

Chatsworthis acivil parishinDerbyshire, England, within the area of theDerbyshire Dalesand thePeak District National Park.

The population is largely in and aroundChatsworth Houseand is considered to be too low to justify aparish council. Instead, there is aparish meeting, at which all electors may attend.

Most of Chatsworth belongs to theDuke of Devonshire's Chatsworth estate, the villages of which includeBeeley,PilsleyandEdensor.

John Marius Wilson'sImperial Gazetteer of England and Wales(1870-1872) says^[1]-

CHATSWORTH, an extra-parochial tract, containing a grand seat of the Duke of Devonshire, in Bakewell district, Derby; on the river Derwent, 3½ miles NE of Bakewell. Pop[ulation]., 53. Houses, 8. The domain was held for the Crown at the Conquest by William Peveril; passed to the Leches and the Agards.

In the reign ofEdward III, William de Furneaux granted lands in Chatsworth, Beeley and Chelmorton to Godfrey Foljambe. William de Furneaux had himself purchased the manor from the de Beeley family in the 13th Century, the de Furneaux's were descended from the De Avenal's. Cherecourt's, and the Saxon Lord Ingram who held vast estates in the region. A branch of this the line from Beighton andEyam- The Unwin's still reside in the region today.

Chatsworth was purchased, in the 16th century, bySir William Cavendish. A quadrangular mansion, defended by towers, was founded on it by Sir William, and completed by his widow, the famousCountess of Shrewsbury; was the prison, for several years, ofMary Queen of Scots; was the prison also ofMarshal Tallard, taken atBlenheim; was held alternately by the parliamentarians and the royalists in thecivil wars; and was, for some time, the abode ofHobbes of Malmsbury, as family tutor, and the place where he wrote his ' ' Wonders of the Peak;" but has entirely disappeared. The present mansion was chiefly built in 1687-1706, by the first Duke of Devonshire, after designs by Talman and Wren...

John Bartholomew'sGazetteer of the British Islessays^[2]-

Chatsworth, par[ish]., N[orth]. Derbyshire, on river Derwent, 2½ miles NE. of Bakewell and 21½ miles NW. of Derby, 1292 ac. (45 water), pop. 60. Chatsworth Hall, seat of the Duke of Devonshire, is one of the noblest residences in England. The park is over 11 miles in circuit, and the gardens cover an area of 12 ac. Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned in the old mansion (1570-84). The present edifice was begun in 1688, and was finished in 1840, the additions being made at long intervals.

Where does the Derbyshire River Derwent start and finish?

Rising in the peat bogs of Bleaklow it forms the border between Derbyshire and The City of Sheffield (South Yorkshire) from near to its source to just south of the Howden Dam. It ends at the Trent which at that point forms the border between Derbyshire and Leicestershire.

The Derwent is a river in Derbyshire, England. It is 50 miles long and is a tributary of the River Trent, which it joins south of Derby. Throughout its course, the river mostly flows through the Peak District and its foothills. Much of the river's route, with the exception of the city of Derby, is rural.

TheDerwentis a river inDerbyshire, England. It is 50 miles (80 km)^[1]long and is atributaryof theRiver Trent, which it joins south ofDerby.^[2]Throughout its course, the river mostly flows through thePeak Districtand its foothills.

Much of the river's route, with the exception of the city of Derby, is rural. However, the river has also seen many human uses, and betweenMatlockand Derby was one of the cradles of theIndustrial Revolution. It is the site of theDerwent Valley Mills, the first industrial-scalecotton mills. Today it provides a water supply to several surrounding cities, and its steep-sided valley is an important communications corridor through the uplands of the Peak District.^[3]

The scenery of the Derwent valley attracts many tourists. The upper reaches pass through the Peak District National Park, whilst the middle reaches around the oldspa townofMatlock Bathoffer souvenir shops and amusement arcades, together with attractions such as theHeights of Abrahamand itscable car.

The River Derwentrisesat Swains Greave (590 metres (1,940 ft) above sea level) on the eastern flank ofBleaklow, opposite Howden Moors, and some 6 miles (9.7 km) east ofGlossop.^[2]It flows through theUpper Derwent Valley, and for most of its first 6 miles (9.7 km) forms the county boundary between Derbyshire, on its west bank, andSouth Yorkshire, on the east bank. Some 4 miles (6.4 km) into its journey it passes through three consecutive reservoirs:Howden, the highest,DerwentandLadybower Reservoir. Derwent Reservoir is named after the now-submerged village ofDerwent, which was named after the river. Once past Howden Reservoir, both banks of the river are in Derbyshire, and the river remains in the county to its mouth. Howden Reservoir is also fed by theRiver Westend, whilst Ladybower Reservoir is also fed by theRiver Ashop. The former confluences of the two tributaries with the Derwent are now submerged below the respective reservoirs.^[3][9]

Further south, the Derwent passes the village ofBamford, where it is joined by theRiver Noe. Below this confluence, it flows throughHathersage,Grindleford,CalverandBaslow, and through the estate ofChatsworth House, before it is joined by theRiver WyeatRowsley. After passing throughDarley Dale, the Derwent reachesMatlock, where, at an oxbow, it collects theBentley Brook. It then flows past the villages ofMatlock Bath,Cromford,Whatstandwell, andAmbergate, where it is joined by theRiver Amber.^[9]

Below Ambergate, the river flows through the town ofBelperand the villages ofMilfordandDuffield, where it is joined by theRiver Ecclesbourne. It then enters the city ofDerbynearDarley Abbeyand flows through the centre of the city. The river ends atDerwent Mouth, betweenShardlowandSawley, where it joins theRiver Trentat a height of 30 metres (98 ft) above sea level; a total drop of 560 metres (1,840 ft).^[2]Its course meanders somewhat, especially in its lower reaches, adding 16 miles (26 km) to its apparent length of 50 miles (80 km). Its waters ultimately reach theNorth Seavia theHumber Estuary.^[9]

The River Derwent is the habitat for many different animals such asotters,^[10]birds, insects, fish and crayfish.^[11]It is also a habitat for many wild flowers, as exemplified by the Lower Derwent Trail.^]

Where is Haddon Hall? 

Haddon Hall is a stately home located inBakewell, Derbyshire, England.It's situated in the heart of thePeak District,on the banks of the River Wye

What is Haddon Hall? 

'The most perfect house to survive from the Middle Ages' Simon Jenkins. Haddon is 900 years old, has been owned by one family for the duration of its existence and is believed to be one of the most important historic houses in England.

Haddon Hall is anEnglish country houseon theRiver WyenearBakewell,Derbyshire, a former seat of theDukes of Rutland. It is the home of Lord Edward Manners (brother ofthe incumbent Duke) and his family. In form a medieval manor house, it has been described as "the most complete and most interesting house of [its] period".^[3]The origins of the hall are from the 11th century, with additions at various stages between the 13th and the 17th centuries, latterly in theTudorstyle.

TheVernon familyacquired the Manor of Haddon by a 12th-century marriage between Sir Richard de Vernon and Alice Avenell, daughter of William Avenell II. Four centuries later, in 1563,Dorothy Vernon, the daughter and heiress ofSir George Vernon, married John Manners, the second son ofThomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. A legend grew up in the 19th century that Dorothy and Manners eloped. The legend has been made into novels, dramatisations and other works of fiction. She nevertheless inherited the hall, and their grandson, alsoJohn Manners, inherited the Earldom in 1641 from a distant cousin. His son, anotherJohn Manners, was made1st Duke of Rutlandin 1703. In the 20th century, anotherJohn Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland, made a life's work of restoring the hall.

The origins of the hall date to the 11th century.William Peverelheld the manor of Haddon in 1087, when the survey which resulted in theDomesday Bookwas undertaken. Though it was never a castle, the manor of Haddon was protected by a wall after alicenceto build one was granted in 1194.^[4]The hall was forfeited to the Crown in 1153 and later passed to a tenant of the Peverils, the Avenell family. Sir Richard de Vernon acquired the manor in 1170 after his marriage to Alice Avenell, the daughter of William Avenell. The Vernons built most of the hall, except for the Peveril Tower and part of theChapel of St Nicholas, which preceded them, and theLong Gallery, which was built in the 16th century.^[5][6]Richard's son,Sir William Vernon, was aHigh Sheriff of LancashireandChief Justiceof Cheshire.^[7]Prominent later family members include SirRichard Vernon(1390–1451), also aHigh Sheriff, MP andSpeaker of the House of Commons.^[7]His sonSir Williamwas Knight-Constable of England and succeeded him asTreasurer of Calaisand MP for Derbyshire and Staffordshire; his grandson SirHenry VernonKB(1441–1515) Governor and Treasurer toArthur, Prince of Wales, married Anne Talbot daughter of theEarl of Shrewsburyand rebuilt Haddon Hall.^[7]

Courtice Poundsas John Manners inHaddon Hall, 1892

Sir George Vernon(c. 1503 – 31 August 1565) had two daughters, Margaret andDorothy. Dorothy married John Manners, the second son ofThomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutlandin 1563.^[8]Sir George supposedly disapproved of the union, possibly because the Manners were Protestants while the Vernons were Catholics, or possibly because the second son of an earl had uncertain financial prospects.^[9]According to legend, Sir George forbade John Manners from courting the famously beautiful and amiable Dorothy and forbade his daughter from seeing Manners.^[10]Shielded by the crowd during a ball given at Haddon Hall by Sir George in 1563, Dorothy slipped away and fled through the gardens, down stone steps and over a footbridge where Manners was waiting for her, and they rode away to be married.^[11]If indeed the elopement happened, the couple were soon reconciled with Sir George, as they inherited the estate on his death two years later.^[11][12]Their grandson, alsoJohn Manners of Haddon, inherited the Earldom in 1641, on the death of his distant cousin,George, the 7th Earl of Rutland, whose estates includedBelvoir Castle.

That John Manners' son wasJohn, the 9th Earl, and was made 1stDuke of Rutlandin 1703. He moved to Belvoir Castle, and his heirs used Haddon Hall very little, so it lay almost in its unaltered 16th-century condition, as it had been when it passed in 1567 by marriage to theManners family. In the 1920s, anotherJohn Manners, the 9th Duke of Rutland, realised its importance and began a lifetime of meticulous restoration, with his restoration architectHarold Brakspear.^{[citation needed]}The current medieval andTudorhall includes small sections of the 11th-century structure, but it mostly comprises additional chambers and ranges added by the successive generations of the Vernon family. Major construction was carried out at various stages between the 13th and the 16th centuries. The banqueting hall (withminstrels' gallery), kitchens and parlour date from 1370, and St Nicholas Chapel was completed in 1427. For generations, whitewash concealed and protected their pre-Reformationfrescoes.

The 9th Duke created the walledtopiarygarden adjoining the stable-block cottage, with clipped heraldic devices of the boar's head and the peacock, emblematic of the Vernon and Manners families. Haddon Hall remains in the Manners family to the present day,^[13]and is occupied by Lord Edward Manners, brother of the11th Duke of Rutland, andLady Edward Mannerssince they decided in 2016 to relocate to the hall.^[6][14]

The house wasGrade I listedin 1951^[1]following the passing of theTown and Country Planning Act 1947. The estate and gardens were separately listed at Grade I in 1984 on theRegister of Historic Parks and Gardens.^[2]

In 2011 the hall's foundations were identified as needing urgent repairs to mitigate potential damage to the ornate plaster ceiling and central bay of the Long Gallery, but the owners were unable to finance repairs.^[15]In 2021 a £262,662 grant fromHistoric England, together with an additional £50,000 from the Historic Houses Foundation, enabled works to be started.

The origins of the hall date to the 11th century.William Peverelheld the manor of Haddon in 1087, when the survey which resulted in theDomesday Bookwas undertaken. Though it was never a castle, the manor of Haddon was protected by a wall after alicenceto build one was granted in 1194.^[4]The hall was forfeited to the Crown in 1153 and later passed to a tenant of the Peverils, the Avenell family. Sir Richard de Vernon acquired the manor in 1170 after his marriage to Alice Avenell, the daughter of William Avenell. The Vernons built most of the hall, except for the Peveril Tower and part of theChapel of St Nicholas, which preceded them, and theLong Gallery, which was built in the 16th century.^[5][6]Richard's son,Sir William Vernon, was aHigh Sheriff of LancashireandChief Justiceof Cheshire.^[7]Prominent later family members include SirRichard Vernon(1390–1451), also aHigh Sheriff, MP andSpeaker of the House of Commons.^[7]His sonSir Williamwas Knight-Constable of England and succeeded him asTreasurer of Calaisand MP for Derbyshire and Staffordshire; his grandson SirHenry VernonKB(1441–1515) Governor and Treasurer toArthur, Prince of Wales, married Anne Talbot daughter of theEarl of Shrewsburyand rebuilt Haddon Hall.^[7]

Courtice Poundsas John Manners inHaddon Hall, 1892

Sir George Vernon(c. 1503 – 31 August 1565) had two daughters, Margaret andDorothy. Dorothy married John Manners, the second son ofThomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutlandin 1563.^[8]Sir George supposedly disapproved of the union, possibly because the Manners were Protestants while the Vernons were Catholics, or possibly because the second son of an earl had uncertain financial prospects.^[9]According to legend, Sir George forbade John Manners from courting the famously beautiful and amiable Dorothy and forbade his daughter from seeing Manners.^[10]Shielded by the crowd during a ball given at Haddon Hall by Sir George in 1563, Dorothy slipped away and fled through the gardens, down stone steps and over a footbridge where Manners was waiting for her, and they rode away to be married.^[11]If indeed the elopement happened, the couple were soon reconciled with Sir George, as they inherited the estate on his death two years later.^[11][12]Their grandson, alsoJohn Manners of Haddon, inherited the Earldom in 1641, on the death of his distant cousin,George, the 7th Earl of Rutland, whose estates includedBelvoir Castle.

That John Manners' son wasJohn, the 9th Earl, and was made 1stDuke of Rutlandin 1703. He moved to Belvoir Castle, and his heirs used Haddon Hall very little, so it lay almost in its unaltered 16th-century condition, as it had been when it passed in 1567 by marriage to theManners family. In the 1920s, anotherJohn Manners, the 9th Duke of Rutland, realised its importance and began a lifetime of meticulous restoration, with his restoration architectHarold Brakspear.^{[citation needed]}The current medieval andTudorhall includes small sections of the 11th-century structure, but it mostly comprises additional chambers and ranges added by the successive generations of the Vernon family. Major construction was carried out at various stages between the 13th and the 16th centuries. The banqueting hall (withminstrels' gallery), kitchens and parlour date from 1370, and St Nicholas Chapel was completed in 1427. For generations, whitewash concealed and protected their pre-Reformationfrescoes.

The 9th Duke created the walledtopiarygarden adjoining the stable-block cottage, with clipped heraldic devices of the boar's head and the peacock, emblematic of the Vernon and Manners families. Haddon Hall remains in the Manners family to the present day,^[13]and is occupied by Lord Edward Manners, brother of the11th Duke of Rutland, andLady Edward Mannerssince they decided in 2016 to relocate to the hall.^[6][14]

The house wasGrade I listedin 1951^[1]following the passing of theTown and Country Planning Act 1947. The estate and gardens were separately listed at Grade I in 1984 on theRegister of Historic Parks and Gardens.^[2]

In 2011 the hall's foundations were identified as needing urgent repairs to mitigate potential damage to the ornate plaster ceiling and central bay of the Long Gallery, but the owners were unable to finance repairs.^[15]In 2021 a £262,662 grant fromHistoric England, together with an additional £50,000 from the Historic Houses Foundation, enabled works to be started

The lower river from Derwent Mouth upstream as far asDerbywas made navigable under anact of Parliamentof 1720, theDerwent Navigation Act 1719(6 Geo. 1. c. 27), and this stretch opened to navigation in 1721. Traffic ceased about 1795 and the navigation was acquired by the owners of the competingDerby Canal. The river is no longer considered navigable, although the upper river is widely used by kayakers andcanoeistswho enjoy the fast-flowing water and the slalom course atMatlock Bath.^[13][14]

The river was also used to power the many textile mills that were built along the Derwent between Matlock Bath and Derby. Initially, the need for water power was quite modest, for exampleLombe's Silk Millin Derby, which is considered to be the forerunner of the latercotton mills, only needed to use the power provided by a small mill stream, andRichard Arkwright'sCromford Mill, the world's first water-powered cotton spinning mill, only used a small tributary of the Derwent in conjunction with a lead minesough.^[15]The later mills atBelper,Darley AbbeyandMasson Millwere much larger and needed to harness the full power of the river to drive their complex machinery. This required the construction of largeweirsacross the Derwent that still remain as significant features in the riverscape.^[16]

These sites were all important in the development of theIndustrial Revolution, and Arkwright's innovation, along with several local competitors, is recognised today by the designation of the area as theDerwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site.^[17]

The power of the Derwent is still harnessed at a number of these historic mill sites, producinghydro-electricityfrom turbines instead of driving mill wheels, with a recent development being the construction of a hydro-electric station at Longbridge weir, adjacent to the Riverside Gardens in Derby.^[18]

HowdenandDerwent Reservoirsin the upper valley were both completed in 1916 to supply the cities ofSheffield,Nottingham, Derby, andLeicester. The adjacentLadybower Reservoirwas completed in 1945 to cover increasing demand. Treated water from these reservoirs flows down the 28-mile (45 km) Derwent Valley Aqueduct parallel to the river. The river also indirectly suppliesCarsington Reservoir, with the water taken from the river by a pumping station atAmbergatein times of high flow. When flows are low, water is released back into the river via the same 6.5-mile (10.5 km) route of tunnels and aqueducts, thus allowing greater abstraction rates downstream atLittle Eatonin the drier summer months. Today all these reservoirs are managed bySevern Trent Water.^[19][20]

The valley of the Derwent provides an important communications route. Between Derby andRowsleythe valley is followed by theA6 road, which was the main road from London toManchesteruntil the creation of the motorway network, and is still a busy single-carriageway road. The formerMidland Railway's lines from Derby to Sheffield and Manchester also followed the Derwent, the former as far as Ambergate and the latter as far as Rowsley. The Sheffield line still operates as part of theMidland Main Line, but the Manchester line was severed north of Matlock in 1968, and the section from Ambergate to Matlock now forms theDerwent Valley Line, a single-track branch line. Between Ambergate and Cromford, the river, road and railway are also paralleled by theCromford Canal. The terminus was once connected to Manchester across theHigh Peakby the earlyCromford and High Peak Railway